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4A Low Quiescent Current High Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator
ISL78214
The ISL78214 is a high efficiency, monolithic, synchronous step-down DC/DC converter that can deliver up to 4A continuous output current from a 2.8V to 5.5V input supply. It uses a current control architecture to deliver very low duty cycle operation at high frequency with fast transient response and excellent loop stability. The ISL78214 integrates a pair of low ON-resistance P-Channel and N-Channel internal MOSFETs to maximize efficiency and minimize external component count. The 100% duty-cycle operation allows less than 400mV dropout voltage at 4A output current. High 1MHz pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching frequency, that can be synchronization up to 4MHz with an external clock, allows the use of small external components and SYNC input enables multiple ICs to synchronize out of phase to reduce ripple and eliminate beat frequencies. The ISL78214 can be configured for discontinuous or forced continuous operation at light load. Forced continuous operation reduces noise and RF interference while discontinuous mode provides high efficiency by reducing switching losses at light loads. Fault protection is provided by internal hiccup mode current limiting during short circuit and overcurrent conditions, an output overvoltage comparator and over-temperature monitor circuit. A power good output voltage monitor indicates when the output is in regulation. The ISL78214 is offered in a space saving 4x4 QFN lead free package with exposed pad lead frames for low thermal. The ISL78214 offers a 1ms Power-Good (PG) timer at power-up. When shutdown, ISL78214 discharges the output capacitor. Other features include internal soft-start, internal compensation, overcurrent protection, and thermal shutdown. The ISL78214 is offered in a 16 Ld 4mmx4mm QFN package with 1mm maximum height. The complete converter occupies less than 0.4in2 area. The ISL78214 is both AEC-Q100-rated and fully TS16949-compliant. The ISL78214 is rated for the automotive temperature range (-40C to +105C).
ISL78214
Features
* High Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator with up to 97% Efficiency * Power-Good (PG) Output with a 1ms Delay * 2.8V to 5.5V Supply Voltage * 2% Output Accuracy Over-Temperature/Load/Line * 4A Output Current * Pin Compatible to ISL78213 * Start-up with Pre-Biased Output * Internal Soft-Start - 1ms * Soft-Stop Output Discharge During Disabled * 35A Quiescent Supply Current in PFM Mode * Selectable Forced PWM Mode and PFM Mode * External Synchronization up to 4MHz * Less than 1A Logic Controlled Shutdown Current * 100% Maximum Duty Cycle * Internal Current Mode Compensation * Peak Current Limiting and Hiccup Mode Short Circuit Protection * Over-Temperature Protection * Small 16 Ld 4mmx4mm QFN * Pb-Free (RoHS Compliant) * TS16949 Compliant * AECQ100 Tested
Applications*(see page 14)
* Automotive Power * DC/DC POL Modules * C/P, FPGA and DSP Power
Related Literature*(see page 14)
* See AN1366, "ISL8014AEVAL2Z: 4A Low Quiescent Current 1MHz High Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator"
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CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc. Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2010. All Rights Reserved All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL78214
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER (Notes 1, 2, 3) ISL78214ARZ NOTES: 1. Add "-T" suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications. 2. These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach materials, and 100% matte tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations). Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020. 3. For Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL), please see device information page for ISL78214. For more information on MSL please see techbrief TB363. PART MARKING 782 14ARZ TEMP. RANGE (C) -40 to +105 PACKAGE (Pb-Free) 16 Ld 4x4 QFN PKG. DWG. # L16.4x4
Pin Configuration
ISL78214 (16 LD QFN) TOP VIEW
NC 16 VIN 1 VIN 2 VDD 3 SYNCH 4 5 EN 6 NC 7 PG 8 VFB PD 15 14 NC 13 12 PGND 11 PGND 10 SGND 9 SGND LX LX
Refer to Application Note AN1366 for more layout suggestions.
Pin Descriptions
PIN NUMBER 1, 2 3 5 7 4 PIN NAME VIN VDD EN PG SYNCH DESCRIPTION Input supply voltage. Connect a 10F ceramic capacitor to power ground. Input supply voltage for the analog circuitry. Connect to VIN pin. Regulator enable pin. Enable the output when driven to high. Shut down the chip and discharge output capacitor when driven to low. Do not leave this pin floating. 1ms timer output. At power-up or EN HI, this output is a 1ms delayed Power-Good signal for the output voltage. Mode Selection pin. Connect to logic high or input voltage VDD for PWM mode. Connect to logic low or ground for PFM mode. Connect to an external function generator for synchronization with the negative edge trigger. Do not leave this pin floating. Switching node connection. Connect to one terminal of the inductor. Power ground Signal ground. Buck regulator output feedback. Connect to the output through a resistor divider for adjustable output voltage. For 0.8V output voltage, connect this pin to the output. No connect. The exposed pad must be connected to the SGND pin for proper electrical performance. Place as much vias as possible under the pad connecting to SGND plane for optimal thermal performance.
14, 15 11, 12 9, 10 8 6, 13, 16 PD
LX PGND SGND VFB NC Exposed Pad
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Typical Application
L 1.5H C2 2 x 22F C1 2 x 22F VDD PGND ISL78214 EN R1 100k PG VFB R3 100k R2 124k C3 47pF OUTPUT 1.8V
INPUT 2.8V TO 5.5V
VIN
LX
SYNCH
SGND
FIGURE 1. TYPICAL APPLICATION DIAGRAM
Block Diagram
SYNCH SOFT Soft START SHUTDOWN EN + BANDGAP 0.8V EAMP + COMP OSCILLATOR PWM/PFM LOGIC CONTROLLER PROTECTION DRIVER VIN 27pF 390k SHUTDOWN
3pF + VFB 6k SLOPE Slope COMP
LX
PGND
+ CSA + OCP -
1.4V
+ 0.736V -
+ SKIP -
0.5V
PG SGND
1ms DELAY
ZERO-CROSS SENSING
0.2V
SCP +
FIGURE 2. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Reference to GND)
VIN, VDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 6V (DC) or 7V (20ms) EN, SYNCH, PG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to VIN + 0.3V LX . . . -1.5V (100ns)/-0.3V (DC) to 6.5V (DC) or 7V (20ms) VFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 2.8V ESD Ratings Human Body Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3000V Charged Device Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000V Machine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250V Latch-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tested and passed per JESD78A
Thermal Information
Thermal Resistance (Typical) JA (C/W) JC (C/W) 16 Ld QFN Package (Notes 4, 5) . 39 3 Junction Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . -55C to +125C Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . -65C to +150C Pb-Free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
Recommended Operating Conditions
VIN Supply Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8V to 5.5V Load Current Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0A to 4A Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . -40C to +105C
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES: 4. JA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with "direct attach" features. See Tech Brief TB379. 5. JC, "case temperature" location is at the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.
Electrical Specifications
Unless otherwise noted, all parameter limits are established over the recommended operating conditions and the typical specification are measured at the following conditions unless otherwise noted: TA = -40C to +105C, VIN = 3.6V, EN = VDD. Typical values are at TA = +25C. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature range, -40C to +105C. SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN MAX (Note 7) TYP (Note 7) UNITS
PARAMETER INPUT SUPPLY VDD Undervoltage Lockout Threshold Quiescent Supply Current
VUVLO
Rising, no load Falling, no load
2.15 -
2.6 2.35 35 30 6.5 0.1
2.8 45 10 4
V V A A mA A
IVIN
SYNCH = GND, no load at the output SYNCH = GND, no load at the output and no switches switching SYNCH = VDD, FS = 1MHz, no load at the output
Shut Down Supply Current OUTPUT REGULATION Reference Voltage VFB Bias Current Line Regulation Soft-Start Ramp Time Cycle OVERCURRENT PROTECTION Current Limit Blanking Time Overcurrent and Auto Restart Period Switch Current Limit Peak Skip Limit COMPENSATION Error Amplifier Trans-Conductance
ISD
VIN = 5.5V, EN = low
VREF IVFB VFB = 0.75V VIN = VO + 0.5V to 5.5V (minimal 2.8V)
0.790 -
0.8 0.1 0.2 1
0.810 -
V A %/V ms
tOCON tOCOFF ILIMIT ISKIP (Note 6) (Note 6)
4.9 -
17 4 6.0 1.3
7.1 -
Clock pulses SS cycle A A
-
20
-
A/V
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Electrical Specifications
Unless otherwise noted, all parameter limits are established over the recommended operating conditions and the typical specification are measured at the following conditions unless otherwise noted: TA = -40C to +105C, VIN = 3.6V, EN = VDD. Typical values are at TA = +25C. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature range, -40C to +105C. (Continued) SYMBOL RT TEST CONDITIONS MIN MAX (Note 7) TYP (Note 7) 0.17 0.20 0.23 UNITS
PARAMETER Trans-Resistance LX P-Channel MOSFET ON-Resistance N-Channel MOSFET ON-Resistance LX Maximum Duty Cycle PWM Switching Frequency LX Minimum On-Time PG Output Low Voltage Delay Time (Rising Edge) PG Pin Leakage Current PGOOD Rising Threshold PGOOD Falling Threshold PGOOD Delay Time (Falling Edge) EN, SYNCH Logic Input Low Logic Input High Synch Logic Input Leakage Current Enable Logic Input Leakage Current Thermal Shutdown Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis NOTES:
VIN = 5V, IO = 200mA VIN = 2.8V, IO = 200mA VIN = 5V, IO = 200mA VIN = 2.8V, IO = 200mA
-
50 70 50 70 100 1.0 -
75 100 75 100 1.20 140
m m m m % MHz ns
fS SYNCH = High
0.80 -
Sinking 1mA
0.65
1 0.01 92 88 15
0.3 1.35 2 95 91 -
V ms A % % s
PG = VIN = 3.6V Percentage of regulation voltage Percentage of regulation voltage
89 85 -
1.4 ISYNCH IEN Pulled up to 5.5V -
0.1 0.1 140 25
0.4 4 4 -
V V A A C C
6. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested. 7. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and are not production tested.
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Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5H, C1 = 2x22F, C2 = 2x22F, IOUT = 0A to 4A.
100 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 60 50 40 0.0 2.5VOUT-PWM 1.8VOUT-PWM 1.5VOUT-PWM 1.2VOUT-PWM 100 90 80 70 60 50 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 3.0 3.5 4.0 40 0.0 2.5VOUT-PFM 1.8VOUT-PFM 1.5VOUT-PFM1.2VOUT-PFM
EFFICIENCY (%)
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 OUTPUT LOAD (A)
0.8
0.9
1.0
FIGURE 3. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 3.3 VIN PWM)
FIGURE 4. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 3.3 VIN PFM)
100 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 60 50 40 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 2.5VOUT-PWM 3.3VOUT-PWM 1.8VOUT-PWM
100 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 60 50 40 0.0 2.5VOUT-PFM 3.3VOUT-PFM 1.2VOUT-PFM 1.5VOUT-PFM 1.8VOUT-PFM
1.5VOUT-PWM 1.2VOUT-PWM
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 5. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 5VIN PWM)
FIGURE 6. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 5VIN PFM)
2.00 POWER DISSIPATION (W) 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 5VIN-PWM
3.3VIN-PFM
POWER DISSIPATION (mW)
3.3VIN-PWM
125 100 75 50 25 0 2.0
5VIN-PFM
3.0
3.5
4.0
2.5
3.0
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
3.5 4.0 VIN (V)
4.5
5.0
5.5
FIGURE 7. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.8V)
FIGURE 8. POWER DISSIPATION WITH NO LOAD vs VIN (PWM VOUT = 1.8V)
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Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5H, C1 = 2x22F, C2 = 2x22F, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
0.25 POWER DISSIPATION (mW) 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 2.0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.24 1.23 1.22 3.3V IN-PFM 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.17 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 VIN (V) 4.5 5.0 5.5 1.16 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5VIN-PFM 5VIN-PWM 3.3VIN-PWM
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 9. POWER DISSIPATION WITH NO LOAD vs VIN (PFM VOUT = 1.8V)
FIGURE 10. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.2V)
1.55 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3.3VIN-PFM 3.3VIN-PWM OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5VIN-PFM 5VIN-PWM
1.83 1.82 3.3V IN-PFM 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 0.0 5VIN-PFM 5VIN-PWM
3.3VIN-PWM
0.5
1.0
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
1.5 2.0 2.5 OUTPUT LOAD (A)
3.0
3.5
4.0
FIGURE 11. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.5V)
FIGURE 12. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.8V)
2.52 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3.3VIN-PFM OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.51 2.50 2.49 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.44 0.0 5VIN-PFM 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5VIN-PWM 3.3VIN-PWM
3.36 3.35 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.31 3.30 3.29 3.28 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5VIN-PFM 4.5VIN-PFM 5VIN-PWM 4.5VIN-PWM
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 13. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 2.5V)
FIGURE 14. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 3.3V)
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Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5H, C1 = 2x22F, C2 = 2x22F, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
1.83 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 4A LOAD PWM 0A LOAD PWM 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 4A LOAD 0A LOAD
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
FIGURE 15. OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION vs VIN (PWM VOUT = 1.8 )
FIGURE 16. OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION vs VIN (PFM VOUT = 1.8V)
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
IL 0.5A/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV
FIGURE 17. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD (PWM)
FIGURE 18. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD (PFM)
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV IL 2A/DIV IL 1A/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
FIGURE 19. STEADY STATE OPERATION WITH FULL LOAD
FIGURE 20. MODE TRANSITION CCM TO DCM
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Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5H, C1 = 2x22F, C2 = 2x22F, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
LX 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV IL 1A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 21. MODE TRANSITION DCM TO CCM
FIGURE 22. LOAD TRANSIENT (PWM)
LX 2V/DIV
EN 5V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV IL 1A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
FIGURE 23. LOAD TRANSIENT (PFM)
FIGURE 24. SOFT-START WITH NO LOAD (PWM)
EN 5V/DIV
EN 5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV IL 1A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
PG 5V/DIV PG 5V/DIV
FIGURE 25. SOFT-START AT NO LOAD (PFM)
FIGURE 26. SOFT-START WITH PRE-BIASED 1V
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Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5H, C1 = 2x22F, C2 = 2x22F, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
EN 2V/DIV EN 5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV IL 2A/DIV PG 5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV PG 5V/DIV
FIGURE 27. SOFT-START AT FULL LOAD
FIGURE 28. SOFT-DISCHARGE SHUTDOWN
LX 2V/DIV LX 2V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV SYNCH 2V/DIV SYNCH 2V/DIV VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV IL 1A/DIV VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
FIGURE 29. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD WITH FREQUENCY = 2MHz
FIGURE 30. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT FULL LOAD WITH FREQUENCY = 2MHz
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV SYNCH 2V/DIV SYNCH 2V/DIV VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
FIGURE 31. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD WITH FREQUENCY = 4MHz
FIGURE 32. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT FULL LOAD (PWM) WITH FREQUENCY = 4MHz
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Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5H, C1 = 2x22F, C2 = 2x22F, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV VOUT 1V/DIV VOUT 0.5V/DIV PG 5V/DIV
IL 2A/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
IL 2A/DIV
FIGURE 33. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT
FIGURE 34. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT RECOVERY
5.500 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 5.375 5.250 5.125 5.000 4.875 4.750 4.625 4.500 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 OCP_5VIN OCP_3.3VIN
TEMPERATURE (C)
FIGURE 35. OUTPUT CURRENT LIMIT vs TEMPERATURE
Theory of Operation
The ISL78214 is a step-down switching regulator optimized for battery-powered handheld applications. The regulator operates at 1MHz fixed switching frequency under heavy load conditions to allow smaller external inductors and capacitors to be used for minimal printed-circuit board (PCB) area. At light load, the regulator reduces the switching frequency, unless forced to the fixed frequency, to minimize the switching loss and to maximize the battery life. The quiescent current when the output is not loaded is typically only 35A. The supply current is typically only 0.1A when the regulator is shut down.
and the slope compensation for the current loop stability. The gain for the current sensing circuit is typically 200mV/A. The control reference for the current loops comes from the error amplifier's (EAMP) output. The PWM operation is initialized by the clock from the oscillator. The P-Channel MOSFET is turned on at the beginning of a PWM cycle and the current in the MOSFET starts to ramp up. When the sum of the current amplifier CSA and the slope compensation (237mV/s) reaches the control reference of the current loop, the PWM comparator COMP sends a signal to the PWM logic to turn off the P-MOSFET and turn on the N-Channel MOSFET. The N-MOSFET stays on until the end of the PWM cycle. Figure 36 shows the typical operating waveforms during the PWM operation. The dotted lines illustrate the sum of the slope compensation ramp and the current-sense amplifier's CSA output. The output voltage is regulated by controlling the VEAMP voltage to the current loop. The bandgap circuit outputs a 0.8V reference voltage to the voltage loop. The feedback signal comes from the VFB pin. The soft-start
PWM Control Scheme
Pulling the SYNCH pin HI (>2.5V) forces the converter into PWM mode, regardless of output current. The ISL78214 employs the current-mode pulse-width modulation (PWM) control scheme for fast transient response and pulse-by-pulse current limiting. Figure 2 shows the block diagram. The current loop consists of the oscillator, the PWM comparator, current sensing circuit 11
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block only affects the operation during the start-up and will be discussed separately. The error amplifier is a transconductance amplifier that converts the voltage error signal to a current output. The voltage loop is internally compensated with the 27pF and 390k RC network. The maximum EAMP voltage output is precisely clamped to 1.6V.
VEAMP VCSA DUTY CYCLE IL
reduces gradually due to the load current discharging the output capacitor. When the output voltage drops to the nominal voltage, the P-MOSFET will be turned on again at the rising edge of the internal clock as it repeats the previous operations. The regulator resumes normal PWM mode operation when the output voltage drops 1.5% below the nominal voltage.
Synchronization Control
The frequency of operation can be synchronized up to 4MHz by an external signal applied to the SYNCH pin. The falling edge on the SYNCH triggers the rising edge of the LX pulse. Make sure that the minimum ON time of the LX node is greater than 140ns.
Overcurrent Protection
VOUT
FIGURE 36. PWM OPERATION WAVEFORMS
SKIP Mode
Pulling the SYNCH pin LO (<0.4V) forces the converter into PFM mode. The ISL78214 enters a pulse-skipping mode at light load to minimize the switching loss by reducing the switching frequency. Figure 37 illustrates the skip-mode operation. A zero-cross sensing circuit shown in Figure 2 monitors the N-MOSFET current for zero crossing. When 8 consecutive cycles of the inductor current crossing zero are detected, the regulator enters the skip mode. During the eight detecting cycles, the current in the inductor is allowed to become negative. The counter is reset to zero when the current in any cycle does not cross zero. Once the skip mode is entered, the pulse modulation starts being controlled by the SKIP comparator shown in Figure 2. Each pulse cycle is still synchronized by the PWM clock. The P-MOSFET is turned on at the clock's rising edge and turned off when the output is higher than 1.5% of the nominal regulation or when its current reaches the peak Skip current limit value. Then the inductor current is discharging to 0A and stays at zero. The internal clock is disabled and the output voltage
PWM
The overcurrent protection is realized by monitoring the CSA output with the OCP comparator, as shown in Figure 2. The current sensing circuit has a gain of 200mV/A, from the P-MOSFET current to the CSA output. When the CSA output reaches 1.4V, which is equivalent to 5.7A for the switch current, the OCP comparator is tripped to turn off the P-MOSFET immediately. The overcurrent function protects the switching converter from a shorted output by monitoring the current flowing through the upper MOSFET. Upon detection of an overcurrent condition, the upper MOSFET will be immediately turned off and will not be turned on again until the next switching cycle. Upon detection of the initial overcurrent condition, the overcurrent fault counter is set to 1. If, on the subsequent cycle, another overcurrent condition is detected, the OC fault counter will be incremented. If there are 17 sequential OC fault detections, the regulator will be shut down under an overcurrent fault condition. An overcurrent fault condition will result in the regulator attempting to restart in a hiccup mode within the delay of four soft-start periods. At the end of the fourth soft-start wait period, the fault counters are reset and soft-start is attempted again. If the overcurrent condition goes away during the delay of four soft-start periods, the output will resume back into regulation point after hiccup mode expires.
PFM
CLOCK 8 CYCLES IL 0 NOMINAL +1.5% VOUT NOMINAL PFM CURRENT LIMIT
LOAD CURRENTT
FIGURE 37. SKIP MODE OPERATION WAVEFORMS
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Short-Circuit Protection
The short-circuit protection SCP comparator monitors the VFB pin voltage for output short-circuit protection. When the VFB is lower than 0.2V, the SCP comparator forces the PWM oscillator frequency to drop to 1/3 of the normal operation value. This comparator is effective during start-up or an output short-circuit event.
Thermal Shut-Down
The ISL78214 has built-in thermal protection. When the internal temperature reaches +140C, the regulator is completely shut down. As the temperature drops to +115C, the ISL78214 resumes operation by stepping through the soft-start.
PG
During power-up, the open-drain power good output holds low for about 1ms after VOUT reaches the regulation voltage. The PG output also serves as a 1ms delayed the Power Good signal when the pull-up resistor R1 is installed.
Applications Information
Output Inductor and Capacitor Selection
To consider steady state and transient operations, ISL78214 typically uses a 1.5H output inductor. The higher or lower inductor value can be used to optimize the total converter system performance. For example, for higher output voltage 3.3V applications, in order to decrease the inductor current ripple and output voltage ripple, the output inductor value can be increased. It is recommended to set the ripple inductor current approximately 30% of the maximum output current for optimized performance. The inductor ripple current can be expressed as shown in Equation 1:
VO V O 1 - --------- V IN I = -----------------------------------L fS (EQ. 1)
UVLO
When the input voltage is below the undervoltage lock-out (UVLO) threshold, the regulator is disabled.
Soft Start-Up
The soft-start-up reduces the inrush current during the start-up. The soft-start block outputs a ramp reference to the input of the error amplifier. This voltage ramp limits the inductor current as well as the output voltage speed so that the output voltage rises in a controlled fashion. When VFB is less than 0.2V at the beginning of the soft-start, the switching frequency is reduced to 1/3 of the nominal value so that the output can start up smoothly at light load condition. During soft-start, the IC operates in the SKIP mode to support pre-biased output condition.
The inductor's saturation current rating needs to be at least larger than the peak current. The ISL78214 protects the typical peak current 6A. The saturation current needs be over 7A for maximum output current application. ISL78214 uses internal an compensation network and the output capacitor value is dependent on the output voltage. The ceramic capacitor is recommended to be X5R or X7R. The recommended X5R or X7R minimum output capacitor values are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, the minimum output capacitor value is given for the different output voltage to make sure that the whole converter system is stable. Additional output capacitance should be added for better performances in applications where high load transient or low output ripple is required. It is recommended to check the system level performance along with the simulation model.
TABLE 1. OUTPUT CAPACITOR VALUE vs VOUT VOUT (V) 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.5 3.3 3.6 COUT (F) 2 x 22 2 x 22 2 x 22 2 x 22 2 x 22 2 x 22 2 x 22 L (H) 1.0~2.2 1.0~2.2 1.5~3.3 1.5~3.3 1.5~3.3 2.2~4.7 2.2~4.7
Enable
The enable (EN) input allows the user to control turning on or off the regulator for purposes such as power-up sequencing. When the regulator is enabled, there is typically a 600s delay for waking up the bandgap reference and then the soft-start-up begins.
Discharge Mode (Soft-Stop)
When a transition to shutdown mode occurs or the VIN UVLO is set, the outputs discharge to GND through an internal 100 switch.
Power MOSFETs
The power MOSFETs are optimized for best efficiency. The ON-resistance for the P-MOSFET is typically 50m and the ON-resistance for the N-MOSFET is typically 50m.
100% Duty Cycle
The ISL78214 features 100% duty cycle operation to maximize the battery life. When the battery voltage drops to a level that the ISL78214 can no longer maintain the regulation at the output, the regulator completely turns on the P-MOSFET. The maximum dropout voltage under the 100% duty-cycle operation is the product of the load current and the ON-resistance of the P-MOSFET.
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ISL78214
Output Voltage Selection
The output voltage of the regulator can be programmed via an external resistor divider that is used to scale the output voltage relative to the internal reference voltage and feed it back to the inverting input of the error amplifier. Refer to Figure 1. The output voltage programming resistor, R3, will depend on the value chosen for the feedback resistor and the desired output voltage of the regulator. The value for the feedback resistor is typically between 10k and 100k, as shown in Equation 2.
R 2 0.8V R 3 = ---------------------------------V OUT - 0.8V (EQ. 2)
If the output voltage desired is 0.8V, then R3 is left unpopulated and R2 is shorted. There is a leakage current from VIN to LX. It is recommended to preload the output with 10A minimum. For better performance, add 47pF in parallel with R2 (100k).
Input Capacitor Selection
The main functions for the input capacitor are to provide decoupling of the parasitic inductance and to provide filtering function to prevent the switching current flowing back to the battery rail. Two 22F X5R or X7R ceramic capacitors are a good starting point for the input capacitor selection.
Revision History
The revision history provided is for informational purposes only and is believed to be accurate, but not warranted. Please go to web to make sure you have the latest Rev. DATE 3/8/10 REVISION FN7551.0 Initial release. CHANGE
Products
Intersil Corporation is a leader in the design and manufacture of high-performance analog semiconductors. The Company's products address some of the industry's fastest growing markets, such as, flat panel displays, cell phones, handheld products, and notebooks. Intersil's product families address power management and analog signal processing functions. Go to www.intersil.com/products for a complete list of Intersil product families. *For a complete listing of Applications, Related Documentation and Related Parts, please see the respective device information page on intersil.com: ISL78214 To report errors or suggestions for this datasheet, please go to www.intersil.com/askourstaff FITs are available from our website at http://rel.intersil.com/reports/search.php
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Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 14
FN7551.0 March 8, 2010
ISL78214
Package Outline Drawing
L16.4x4
16 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE Rev 6, 02/08
4X 1.95 4.00 A B 6 PIN 1 INDEX AREA 13 12X 0.65 16 6 PIN #1 INDEX AREA
12
1
4.00
2 . 10 0 . 15
9
4
(4X)
0.15 8
TOP VIEW
5 0.10 M C A B
BOTTOM VIEW
+0.15 16X 0 . 60 -0.10
4 0.28 +0.07 / -0.05
SEE DETAIL "X"
0.10 C
1.00 MAX ( 3 . 6 TYP ) ( 2 . 10 )
SIDE VIEW
C
BASE PLANE
SEATING PLANE 0.08 C
( 12X 0 . 65 )
( 16X 0 . 28 ) ( 16 X 0 . 8 )
C
0 . 2 REF
5
0 . 00 MIN. 0 . 05 MAX.
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN DETAIL "X"
NOTES: 1. Dimensions are in millimeters. Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only. 2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994. 3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal 0.05 4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip. 5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature. 6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be either a mold or mark feature.
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FN7551.0 March 8, 2010

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